Compare data center regulation

New DCs must provide on-site generation/storage matching max import demand + market participation, and source ≥80% annual electricity from additional Irish renewables; system operators publish procedures by 31 Mar 2026.

Typical effect of this kind of measure: Controls whether: and how fast: a data center can get grid power. Can delay, cap or block new capacity, and may force on-site generation or demand commitments.

New connections in constrained regions (Dublin) deferred; on-site dispatchable generation/storage + demand flexibility expected.

Typical effect of this kind of measure: Controls whether: and how fast: a data center can get grid power. Can delay, cap or block new capacity, and may force on-site generation or demand commitments.

Prioritises DCs demonstrating flexible demand, on-site generation, efficient resource use, decarbonisation.

Signals which projects the state will favour: sites offering flexible demand, on-site generation, efficient resource use and decarbonisation, in locations with grid and renewable capacity.

17 actions; green energy parks developed privately and possibly state-led; does not stop data centres outside these locations before or after 2030.

Very large projects such as hyperscale data centres are steered toward plan-led 'green energy parks' next to renewable supply (including offshore wind). Development outside these parks remains possible under existing planning rules.

Streamlined planning, grid-connection priority and public support for data centres in designated AI Growth Zones (first at Culham).

Eases siting rather than restricting it: projects inside a designated AI Growth Zone get faster planning and priority grid access.

Up to ~92% discount on the CCL on electricity (and ~86-89% on gas) for data centres meeting agreed energy-efficiency targets.

Typical effect of this kind of measure: Lowers the cost of building or running a data center here (tax breaks, cheaper power, grants). A siting incentive: pulls investment in rather than constraining it.

Enhanced government protection/coordination and prioritised resilience/incident support for designated data centres.

Brings data centres under government resilience and security coordination as critical infrastructure. It sets no siting, efficiency or data-localisation rule.

Hyperscale DCs (>10 ha, ≥70 MW) only at designated sites (Het Hogeland; Agriport A7 Hollands Kroon); prohibited elsewhere.

Hyperscale sites (>10 ha and ≥70 MW) are banned everywhere in the Netherlands except designated locations in Het Hogeland and Hollands Kroon; municipal environment plans may not allow them elsewhere.

Ban on permits for hyperscale DC (>10 ha AND ≥70 MW) except Hollands Kroon & Het Hogeland.

Historic: for nine months from 16 Feb 2022 no permits were issued for hyperscale sites (>10 ha and ≥70 MW) outside Hollands Kroon and Het Hogeland. Now lifted; see the national spatial rule.

Plan for residual-heat reuse and limit/justify cooling water use as a siting/permit condition.

Typical effect of this kind of measure: Obliges the facility to reuse its waste heat or limit cooling-water use. Shapes site design and can steer siting toward heat-offtake or water-rich locations.

Art. 3.235 designation; art. 3.236 permit for cooling-water discharge with heat load >50 MW; art. 3.237 general rules (§4.110 cooling water, §5.4.1 energy saving, §5.4.1a disclosure); art. 3.238 notification ≥4 weeks before start.

Operators must notify the competent authority at least 4 weeks before starting operations, and need an environmental permit to discharge cooling water with a heat load above 50 MW into surface water.

Duty applies to sites using ≥50,000 kWh electricity or ≥25,000 m³ gas-eq/yr; reporting every 4 years. Data-centre measures PH1 (room-cooler setpoint ≥27 °C, the ASHRAE upper limit, with compression or wet cooling; lower allowed with 100% dry free cooling), PH2 (frequency control on room coolers), PH3 (free cooling).

Data centres above the energy-saving-duty thresholds must carry out the listed data-centre measures (e.g. server-room cooling setpoint of at least 27 °C, VSDs on CRAH units, free cooling) or show equivalent savings.

Installed IT power ≥500 kW; first publication by 15 Jul 2024, then yearly by 15 May for the previous calendar year (installed power, floor area, energy use, efficiency KPIs, temperature setpoints, renewable share, data traffic and storage). Defence and disaster-relief data centres exempt.

A data centre with at least 500 kW installed IT power must publish its energy-efficiency data every year by 15 May through an electronic facility (first deadline 15 July 2024).

Reduced accise rate on the electricity a data centre consumes above 1 GWh/yr, conditional on an ISO 50001 energy-management system (with further relief for electro-intensive sites).

Typical effect of this kind of measure: Lowers the cost of building or running a data center here (tax breaks, cheaper power, grants). A siting incentive: pulls investment in rather than constraining it.

L.236-1: installed server-room power ≥500 kW → transmit administrative, environmental and energy data to the EU platform and make it public. L.236-2: ≥1 MW → valorise waste heat (derogations by decree). L.236-3: formal notice of at most 1 year, then an administrative fine of at most €50,000 per data centre. Created by loi n° 2025-391 of 30 Apr 2025; most provisions in force 1 Oct 2025.

A site with ≥500 kW of server-room power must publish its energy and environmental data; from 1 MW it must reuse its waste heat, with fines of up to €50,000 per data centre for non-compliance.

Declaration within 2 months of commissioning; administrative, environmental and energy information for the previous year by 15 May each year; deemed to valorise waste heat if ERF (Annex III of Delegated Reg. 2024/1364) ≥ 0.20, with a cost-benefit/derogation route for sites where it is not attainable. In force 1 Jan 2026.

A new site must be declared within 2 months of commissioning and report every year by 15 May; it only counts as reusing waste heat if its ERF is at least 0.20.

Amends art. 167 of loi de finances 2021: criteria go from seven to nine (valorise waste heat, e.g. via a heating/cooling network, or meet a numeric efficiency indicator set by decree; and meet a cooling-water indicator set by decree). A Senate report of Feb 2026 still called for the implementing decree.

To keep the reduced electricity excise rate, a data centre will have to reuse its waste heat or meet a decree-set efficiency indicator, and meet a cooling-water indicator.

Qualification by decree where the project's purpose and scale (investment, installed power) matter for the digital or ecological transition or national sovereignty; effect limited to a State-led planning-compatibility procedure. ZAN exemption censured (Décision 2026-903 DC, 21 May 2026). Law of 26 May 2026.

A large data centre can be designated a project of major national interest by decree, letting the State align local planning documents with it; it does not by itself grant an environmental derogation.

Revenue ≥ €10M or installed IT power ≥ 100 kW (reduced set for 100–500 kW operators under €10M); energy by use, water withdrawals, artificialised land, refrigerant emissions and GHG for the previous year, due 31 March. Replaces Décision 2023-2488; published in the JO on 14 Mar 2025.

Operators with French revenue ≥ €10M or IT power ≥ 100 kW must report energy, water, land take, refrigerants and GHG data to Arcep by 31 March each year.

63 identified sites; 'Guide pour l'implantation de centres de données' (Nov 2025); support via DREETS, regional development agencies and prefectures.

Developers can target 63 pre-identified sites and get support from prefectures, DREETS and regional development agencies; ADEME can co-fund heat recovery.

5 fast-track sites (4 allocated to operators meeting technical and financial requirements); shared zones of about 1,200 MW (south Île-de-France) and 500 MW (Marseille area); procedure approved by CRE.

Fast-track sites next to the 400 kV grid and shared connection zones (~1,200 MW south of Île-de-France, ~500 MW near Marseille) shorten connection times and pool network costs.

EDE7 Obj.1 locate outside the M50 as far as possible; Obj.2 show energy efficiency, maximise on-site renewables toward 100% renewable (else evidence of Irish PPAs), sufficient water/wastewater/electricity capacity, district-heat measures where excess heat is produced, and CNDCP sign-up; Obj.3 biodiversity/landscaping.

Data-centre applications in South Dublin should sit outside the M50 where possible. They must demonstrate renewable supply (on-site generation plus Irish PPAs), grid and water capacity, provision for district heating, and sign-up to the Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact.

New/expanding DCs confined to designated areas; conditions on efficient PUE, renewable electricity, residual-heat use, productive roofs.

Typical effect of this kind of measure: Restricts where data centers may be built. Can bar new sites outright or confine them to designated zones, directly limiting where capacity can land.

Applies to data centres >2,000 m² gross floor area and >5 MVA connection (the strategy notes this 'and' is being changed to 'and/or'); only in the 'datacenter clustering allowed' areas; the guideline cites OVNH2022 art. 6.2.2.6a.

New data centres over 2,000 m² GFA and over 5 MVA are only allowed inside designated clusters in Amsterdam, Haarlemmermeer and Hollands Kroon, with urban-design and image-quality plans and the sustainability conditions applied.

Period 2025-2027; no new hyperscale initiatives; strategy dated January 2025.

No new hyperscale data-centre initiative will be allowed anywhere in Noord-Holland during 2025-2027, including Hollands Kroon.

Deliberation of 20 Oct 2023 'Stratégie municipale pour une implantation planifiée et régulée des câbles sous-marins et des data centers'; criteria: already artificialised, polluted or disused land; land and marine biodiversity; link with renewable production and heat recovery; local employment; architectural quality. A consultative commission reviews projects; the city states it has no decision power over subsea cables.

Projects in Marseille are assessed by a municipal consultative commission against siting criteria (brownfield or already-artificialised land, biodiversity, renewables and heat recovery, local jobs, urban integration); the criteria are not binding, as planning powers sit with the Métropole.